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Latest Article
Making Kenya’s Dairy Farming Inclusive and Profitable: Socioeconomic E...
1

Ekiru Francis Anno*
School of Doctoral Studies, Unicaf University, Lilongwe, Malawi
28-36
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23235402

Inclusive and profitable dairy development requires more than participation in production, training, technology adoption, or producer organisations. It also requires equitable access to productive assets, control over income, participation in decision-making, access to markets and services, employment, leadership, and resilience. This narrative review synthesises evidence published between 2018 and 2026 on the socioeconomic inclusion and empowerment of women, youth, persons with disabilities, and dairy investors in Kenya. The review draws primarily on Kenya-specific dairy research and complements it with relevant evidence from broader agricultural, youth agripreneurship, disability, climate, digitalisation, policy, and investment literature. The evidence shows that women make substantial contributions to dairy production but may have less control over livestock, milk income, productive assets, and commercial decisions. Dairy intensification and climate-related pressures can also increase labour and time demands, particularly where unpaid care and farm work remain gendered. Youth participation is constrained by limited access to land, finance, skills, mentorship, technology, productive assets, and reliable markets, although opportunities exist in dairy farming and in commercially oriented enterprises such as fodder production, mechanisation, animal-health services, milk collection, digital services, and value addition. Producer organisations can improve access to resources and strengthen women's empowerment, but membership and governance arrangements may create exclusion. Disability inclusion remains substantially under-researched in Kenya's dairy sector, with limited evidence on accessibility, reasonable accommodation, enterprise participation, and economic outcomes. The review also finds that dairy investment is expanding across production, processing, aggregation, cold-chain infrastructure, feeds, genetics, services, and value addition, but investors face challenges related to production costs, milk quality and consistency, aggregation, cold-chain infrastructure, finance, compliance, and market risk. Overall, the review argues for a shift from participation-based measures to outcome-oriented indicators of asset ownership and control, income control, decision-making, labour, market participation, leadership, employment, profitability, and resilience. Given the heterogeneous evidence base and inclusion of contextual studies beyond Kenya and dairy, the findings should be interpreted as a narrative synthesis rather than as estimates of prevalence or causal effects.
A Comparative Study of Corporate Governance and Firm Performance in St...
2

Ismail Banja Kandeh*1, Dr. Abubakar Kargbo2, Dr. Morrison Kenie Lahai3, Professor Richard Wadsworth4
1*-3Institute of Geography and Development Studies, School of Environmental Sciences, Njala University, Sierra Leone, 2Institute of Social Studies, Administration and Management, School of Social Sciences and Law, Njala University, Sierra Leone, 4Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, Njala University, Sierra Leone
13-27
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23208837

Historically, state-owned commercial banks (SOCBs) in Sierra Leone have shown relatively high performance than State-Owned Utility Companies (SOUCs) in the country. While several issues may have contributed to such low performance by SOUCs, this study aims to explore whether and how (if any) compliance with corporate governance practices (based on CACG Code) varies between the high-performing SOCBs and low-performing SOUCs, and whether this variation of compliance causes performance differences. A cross-sectional research design with quantitative approach was adopted. A survey was conducted in two SOCBs and two SOUCs in 2025. Apart from questions on respondent and organizational backgrounds, a self-completion questionnaire comprising 66 questions (governance – 39 & performance -27) was successfully completed and returned by 144 participants. Further, a checklist of 19 items was constructed based on the Acts of Parliament and scored against the CACG Code provisions by the researcher. Using SPSS and Excel Programs, data was analyzed using descriptive (percentages, and mean percentages) and inferential (Pearson’s correlation, and simple linear regression) statistics. The Overall Compliance Index of SOCBs is 68% while SOUCs has an index of 45%. The correlation coefficients (r = 0.996 and r = 0.998) indicate a very strong positive linear relationship between governance and performance. Also, the regression results (adjusted r2 = 0.988, df = 3; p < 0.01) indicate a strong association between corporate governance and firm performance. The study shows that SOUCs’ rate of corporate governance compliance is weaker than SOCBs in most criteria set by the CACG Code, which might have caused low financial performance by SOUCs (40%) and high financial performance by SOCBs (64%). The findings of the study have practical and policy related implications to improve the performance of SOUCs in Sierra Leone.
Image Quality Assessment in Chest Radiography According to European Gu...
1

TAYO NGUETSA Marcellin Girez*, YENE ZANG Bernard Severin, EMVOUTOU M. Jeanne Valerie, KITIO Dresnel Chiline, NGOKA T. Franck
Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Green Hope University of Somalia., Centre Médical La Cathédrale, Cameroon., Institut de Recherche Médical et d’étude des Plantes Médicinales, Faculty of Science, University of Ebolowa, Cameroon., Kesmonds International University
10-20
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23191354

Chest radiography remains the cornerstone of diagnostic imaging globally, functioning as a primary triage and diagnostic tool for a diverse array of cardiopulmonary pathologies, particularly tuberculosis and pneumonia. In resource-constrained environments like Cameroon, healthcare systems exhibit an extreme reliance on chest radiography; however, the structural frameworks necessary to optimize image quality and minimize patient radiation dose are frequently inadequate. This narrative review evaluates the clinical relevance and practical implementation of stringent European image quality guidelines specifically the EUR 16260 anatomical criteria and the European Union Directive 2013/59/Euratom within the Cameroonian context. The analysis synthesizes current methods of image quality assessment, encompassing visual grading analysis, reject and repeat audits, standardized exposure indices (IEC 62494-1), and the integration of artificial intelligence tools such as CAD4TB. Translating European standards to Cameroon encounters profound structural barriers, driven primarily by a critical shortage of radiological personnel, with a radiologist density of approximately two per million inhabitants compared to the European average of 127 per million. Additional friction points include the unmonitored transition from analogue to digital radiography, the inconsistent application of Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs), and the limited enforcement capacity of the National Radiation Protection Agency (ANRP). Despite these systemic hurdles, strategic opportunities exist to elevate diagnostic standards. Expanding teleradiology networks to support remote facilities, implementing low-cost quality assurance audits, and leveraging artificial intelligence for automated image assessment offer viable solutions to bridge the quality gap. The establishment of localized DRLs and the prioritized training of radiographers and medical physics experts stand as essential prerequisites for achieving sustainable diagnostic excellence and radiation safety in Cameroon. Establishing routine diagnostic reference levels for standard procedures is a universally recommended practice for adhering strictly to the ALARA principle.
IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT BONDS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
4

Dr. Osekweyi J Odonye*1, Dr. El-Yaqub Ahmad B.1, Mr. Christopher Kaduna Bulus3
1*-3Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences Nasarawa State University, Keffi Nigeria, 1Department of Economics, University of Abuja
44-57
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23152356

This study examined the impact of Government bond on economic growth in Nigeria for the period between 1999 and 2024. An ex-post-facto research design was adopted and the study was based on the theoretical framework of the Keynesian theory of public finance. Time series data on values of amount of government bonds issued (GBA), Number of government bond issues (GBN), average government bonds issued maturity period (GBM) and average government bonds yield (GBY) as independent variables and Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate (GDPr) as dependent variable were collected from publications of CBN, NBS and World Banks. The data collected were subjected to both pre-estimation and post estimation tests for variables trend characteristics, descriptive statistics, unit root, co-integration, causality, serial correlation and normality. Secondly, a VECM technique of estimation was employed to determine the variable coefficients and T-statistic test of hypotheses was employed to determine their significance. Generally, the study found a significant relationship between the government bond variables and Nigeria’s economic growth. On the individual variables findings, while amount of government bonds issued (GBA), Number of government bond issues (GBN) and Average bonds issued maturity period (GBM) have positive and significant impact, average government bonds yield (GBY) has negative but insignificant impact on economic growth during the period under review in Nigeria. While a unit change is GBA, GBN and GBM increases GDPr by 1%, 4.32% and 39.05% respectively, a unit increase in GBY decreases GDPr by 22.57%. The study recommended in addition to others that the Nigerian government should diversify and deepen its bond market by introducing various bond types and extending maturity profiles. This can attract a broader investor base, reduce borrowing costs, and ensure that the government can finance infrastructure projects more effectively over the long term, ultimately fostering more stable economic growth.
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