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At IRASS Publisher, our mission is to empower authors and researchers by providing a platform for their unique perspectives. We believe in fostering creativity and promoting voices that reflect the richness of human experience.
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IRASS Publisher commits to providing open access to all its published content. Our policy ensures that research articles are freely accessible to the public without subscription fees. Authors retain copyright while allowing unrestricted distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. By removing access barriers, IRASS aims to foster a more inclusive and collaborative scientific community.
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Latest Article
Local Governance and Decentralisation in Sierra Leone: Examining Admin...
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Andrew Lokorma Karim*, Ibrahim...
MPhil candidate, School of post-graduate studies, Njala University, Sierra Leone, West Africa
78-85
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20392102

Local government institutions serve as the primary conduit through which public services are delivered to people in local communities. In the decentralisation programme in Sierra Leone, local government institutions operate at the district, chiefdom, and city levels. At district and city levels, local governments are managed by elected council members who are referred to as local councils. The three main local government units in the country are the District, City and Chiefdom Councils. An examination of the relationship that exists among them reveals an interesting understanding of how decentralisation works in Sierra Leone. Decentralisation as a governance approach and a public administration mechanism to bring services to the doorstep of local communities is a relational process, which ensures healthy communication exists among the local institutions that are involved in service delivery for sustainable service delivery. This paper examines how the District Council, City Council and Chiefdom Council officially interact among themselves in the decentralisation programme in Sierra Leone.
Staff Satisfaction at a Private Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia: A Cros...
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Ibrahim Omar Hussein*, Mohamed...
Research, Education and Disease Surveillance Royal Hospital, Mogadishu Somalia
47-55
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20389383

Background: Staff satisfaction is a key determinant of workforce performance, service quality, and staff retention in healthcare settings. In fragile and post-conflict contexts such as Somalia, empirical evidence on staff satisfaction—particularly from private healthcare facilities—remains limited.To assess levels of staff satisfaction across multiple workplace domains and identify relative strengths and areas for improvement among employees at Royal Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional survey was conducted among staff at Royal Hospital. All eligible employees were invited to participate (N = 220), and 110 staff completed a structured self-administered questionnaire (response rate = 50.0%). Staff satisfaction was measured using a 24-item instrument covering eight domains and rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Domain scores were calculated as mean item scores. Descriptive statistics summarized participant characteristics and satisfaction outcomes, and internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Results: Overall staff satisfaction was high, with mean scores clustering toward the upper end of the scale. The highest satisfaction was observed for job role and workload, work environment and teamwork, and overall satisfaction (all mean scores > 4.3). Moderate satisfaction was reported for leadership and communication, recognition, fairness, and learning and career development. Compensation and staff welfare recorded the lowest mean score (3.57), indicating a relative area of concern. The full satisfaction scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.939). Conclusion: Staff at Royal Hospital reported generally high levels of satisfaction, reflecting strong organizational foundations in role clarity, teamwork, and the work environment. However, comparatively lower satisfaction with compensation and welfare highlights priority areas for targeted human resource interventions. Routine staff satisfaction assessments may support evidence-based management strategies to sustain a motivated healthcare workforce in resource-constrained settings.
Examination Malpractice in Ghana’s Private Universities: Causes, Conse...
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Joseph Manasseh Opong, Nancy A...
Presbyterian University, Ghana, P.O. Box 59. Abetifi-Kwahu
67-77
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20372777

The purpose of this study was to examine how cheating during exams threatens the legitimacy of university degrees awarded by privately-owned institutions in Ghana. The study also examined why many students cheat on exams, what happens to them after they are caught, and what can be done to prevent cheating from occurring. There have been numerous calls for action to reduce cheating at the University level in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there continues to be a significant lack of understanding regarding the extent of cheating at the University level. This report used a systematic literature review methodology. A total of 96 studies were reviewed. These studies spanned the period from 2012 to 2023. As well, the authors of the current report conducted over ten years of empirical research into the topic of academic integrity within higher education in Ghana. The report will explore several different areas. First, an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of cheating will be discussed. Data collected empirically on the frequency and kinds of cheating behaviours experienced by students at privately owned universities in Ghana will follow this report. Afterwards, a variety of causes of cheating behaviour will be examined. The causes identified in this study included societal pressures to obtain a university degree for job prospects or social status; inadequate supervision; various forms of technology that make it easier for students to cheat; and several institutional vulnerabilities. In addition to examining the causes of cheating behaviours, this study will identify and explore the effects of such behaviours. Identified effects of cheating behaviours include severe academic penalties (e.g., cancellation of exam results; suspension or expulsion); psychological harm (e.g., anxiety, shame, stigma); potential career jeopardy (e.g., damaged job prospects; certification/ licensure barriers); and reputational harm to the institution (e.g., loss of reputation with accrediting agencies; loss of public trust). Additionally, some factors that may contribute to higher rates of cheating among students enrolled in private universities compared to those enrolled in state-owned universities will be highlighted. Factors cited in this regard included increased economic pressure experienced by students due to high tuition costs; the competitive nature of private universities; less stringent supervisory oversight; and an overall system-wide lack of accountability regarding the admission process.
Admission Standards as Pathways to Examination Malpractice: A Critical...
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Joseph Manasseh Opong, Nancy A...
Presbyterian University, Ghana, P.O. Box 59. Abetifi-Kwahu
58-66
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20372699

The purpose of the study was to explore how university entrance requirements relate to test fraud. Research has thoroughly studied test fraud, its reasons, and the implications. However, there has been relatively little research into how admission irregularities affect later dishonest behaviour in the form of test fraud. Utilising an analysis of 96 studies of test fraud in sub-Saharan Africa, combined with data collected from other universities worldwide, we developed a conceptual model illustrating the ways that admission irregularities can cause dishonesty to occur at examinations. The conceptual model includes four mediating variables: (a) academic underpreparedness (i.e., when students enter college using fake or inflated credentials, they do not have the needed knowledge to pass courses; therefore, they feel pressure to commit test fraud); (b) moral disengagement (i.e., once students commit fraudulent acts to gain college admission, they will likely rationalize committing future fraudulent acts as acceptable); (c) institutional capture (i.e., if colleges profit financially from fraudulent admissions, then institutional interests become aligned against upholding academic integrity); (d) social norms or peer expectancy effects (i.e., the existence of peers who entered college via fraudulent means creates an environment where it becomes socially acceptable to engage in similar behaviour). The authors synthesised evidence regarding admission irregularities in several different countries (Nigeria, India, Ghana, Kenya, and the UK) and analysed the processes that lead to environments in which students experience high levels of support for their dishonest behaviour at examinations. The results indicated that the integrity of the admission process determines whether students will be honest during exams. Therefore, the authors concluded with suggestions for developing procedures to verify applicant information for admission purposes, developing strategies to assist academically under-prepared students, and revising disciplinary policies to prevent both the admission- malpractice connection and other forms of dishonesty
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