Artificial neural networks (ANN) are bioinspired algorithms used in various engineering applications. The objective of this present study is to create a model algorithm for biodiesel synthesis from the collected waste cooking oil utilizing artificial neural networks (ANN). The factors consider to be influencing the biodiesel production are concentrations of solutions, time and temperature, pH of the solution, and agitation speed. In previous trials, methanol to oil ratio, sodium hydroxide to oil ratio, in addition to reaction temperature were taken as in terms of independent type of variables and % biodiesel yield inulin as a dependent variable. The results reveal that the 3-10-1 architecture of ANN provides goodness of fit to predict the percentage yield of biodiesel. The prediction ability of ANN is assessed by the coefficient of determination (R^2). The resultant R^2 value shows that the ANN predicted values fitted well to the percentage yield of biodiesel.

This study examines bidirectional film title translation through the perspectives of prospective compression and retrospective expansion, drawing on Wang Jianguo’s (2025) contrastive account of Chinese and English, particularly the differences between process orientation and result orientation and between weak and strong semantic boundaries. Based on a qualitative comparative analysis of 16 Chinese and English film titles, the study identifies four major application paths for each direction of translation. In Chinese-to-English translation, prospective compression is manifested through process-to-result, concrete-to-abstract, event-toobject, and positive-comparison-to-comparative transformations. These operations condense processual meaning, strengthen semantic boundaries, and produce concise and target-oriented English titles. In English-to-Chinese translation, retrospective expansion operates through resultto-process, abstract-to-concrete, object-to-event, and comparative-to-positive transformations. These operations recover implicit processes, concrete imagery, and narrative information, thereby increasing the accessibility and expressive appeal of Chinese titles. The analysis shows that the two strategies are particularly compatible with the functional demands of film titles, including brevity, thematic communication, genre identification, and cross-cultural accessibility. At the same time, the study argues that neither strategy should be applied mechanically: compression should not result in excessive semantic loss, while expansion should not introduce meanings unsupported by the source title. The findings provide a practical framework for bidirectional film title translation and offer a case-based application of contrastive ChineseEnglish analysis to audiovisual translation.

Technology adoption and effective governance are increasingly important organizational capabilities for improving the efficiency, accountability, and competitiveness of agricultural cooperatives. This study examined the relationship between technology adoption, governance practices, and the operational performance of dairy cooperative societies in Kiambu County, Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed, covering 19 dairy cooperative societies. Data were collected from managers, board members, and cooperative-member employees using structured questionnaires. Of the 78 targeted respondents, 69 participated, yielding an 88.46% response rate. Primary survey data were complemented by 2024 milk production and milk payment data obtained from the Kenya Dairy Board. Technology adoption was assessed using indicators including electronic payment systems, dairy management technologies, computerized records, and real-time data capture, while governance practices were assessed through board structure, accountability, leader-member communication, and member participation. Operational performance was measured using an Operational Performance Index based on annual milk production volume and average milk payment per litre. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted, with aggregation strategies included as a control variable. The regression model was statistically significant and explained 85.7% of the variation in log operational performance (R² = 0.857, F(3,15) = 29.874, p < 0.001). Technology adoption was positively and significantly associated with operational performance (β = 1.070, p = 0.042), while governance practices also showed a positive and significant association (β = 0.381, p = 0.012). Consistent with these results, technology adoption had a strong positive correlation with operational performance (r = 0.797, p < 0.01), while governance practices had a substantial positive correlation (r = 0.649, p < 0.01). Qualitative findings indicated that digital payments, computerized records, digital communication, and real-time data systems improved record accuracy, payment efficiency, information flow, monitoring, coordination, and decision-making. Effective governance strengthened accountability, board oversight, transparency, member participation, and resource management. The findings further suggest that technology and governance operate as complementary organizational capabilities, with their benefits depending on adequate infrastructure, financial resources, staff competencies, effective leadership, and member engagement. The study recommends an integrated approach combining affordable and scalable digital technologies with governance capacity building, transparent communication, effective board oversight, member participation, and continuous staff development. Given the cross-sectional design and the small number of cooperative-level observations, the findings demonstrate significant associations rather than definitive causal effects.

This study examined the “The Empowerment of Persons with Physical Disability: A Case Study of Female Wheelchair Users in Central Freetown”, Sierra Leone. Guided by the social model of disability and the capability approach, it pursued four objectives: to describe the socio-economic and demographic profile of these women, to assess their access to livelihood skills opportunities, to identify the factors associated with that access, and to examine the challenges to their empowerment. A mixed-methods design was used. Quantitative data were gathered through a structured survey of 104 female wheelchair users and analysed in the R statistical environment using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Spearman correlations, non-parametric comparisons, and binary logistic regression. Qualitative data were gathered through key informant guide with seven purposively selected key informants and analysed thematically, then triangulated with the survey results. The findings describe a group of prime working-age women, most of them polio survivors with primary schooling or less, who are almost entirely outside formal employment and survive through trading and begging. Although awareness of opportunities was high, only a little over half had tried to access training, and the leading barriers were admission requirements and fees rather than physical inaccessibility. In the regression, the possession of a livelihood skill was the strongest independent predictor of trying to access training, with an odds ratio of 11.86, while age, education, and family size were not significant. The study concludes that empowerment for this group, through funded, accessible, and enforced support, into genuine self-reliance. It recommends at policy level, include the position papers of disabled persons' organisations in national planning and in any revision of the Constitution, adopt compulsory free education for persons with disability at every level, promote economic empowerment and psychosocial support, enforcement of the Persons with Disability Act 2011.