International Research and Academic scholar society

Mission and Vision
Our Mission
At IRASS Publisher, our mission is to empower authors and researchers by providing a platform for their unique perspectives. We believe in fostering creativity and promoting voices that reflect the richness of human experience.
Our Vision
We envision a world where diverse stories and groundbreaking research thrive, enriching the literary and academic landscape. We aim to be a leading publisher recognized for our commitment to quality, innovation, and inclusivity.
Open Access Policy
IRASS Publisher commits to providing open access to all its published content. Our policy ensures that research articles are freely accessible to the public without subscription fees. Authors retain copyright while allowing unrestricted distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. By removing access barriers, IRASS aims to foster a more inclusive and collaborative scientific community.
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Latest Article
MRI Safety in Resource-Limited Settings: Relevance and Implementation...
1

TAYO NGUETSA Marcellin Girez*, KITIO Dresnel Chiline, NGOKA T. Franck, MBALLA A. Jean Claude
Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Green Hope University of Somalia., Faculty of Science, University of Ebolowa, Cameroon
21-31
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23357986

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a critical diagnostic modality, yet its availability in Sub-Saharan Africa remains disproportionately low. As countries like Cameroon gradually expand their diagnostic infrastructure often relying on refurbished equipment the implementation of stringent international MRI safety standards becomes increasingly complex. Objective: This narrative review evaluates the relevance of international MRI safety guidelines (e.g., ACR, IEC, ICNIRP) to the Cameroonian healthcare context, identifies specific implementation barriers, and proposes context-adapted strategies for resource-limited settings. Methods: Following the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) criteria, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/PMC, Scopus, and the grey literature of major regulatory bodies (WHO, ICNIRP, IEC, ACR) for publications predominantly between 2015 and 2025. The synthesis focused on safety standards, the health-system context in Cameroon, and the emergence of low-field MRI technologies. Findings: International standards are biophysically universally applicable but architecturally and economically misaligned with Cameroonian realities. Major implementation challenges include severe shortages of certified Medical Resonance Safety Officers (MRSOs) and medical physicists, inadequate facility space for strict four-zone layouts, reliance on refurbished scanners with outdated safety software, and unreliable power and helium supply chains. Local studies indicate significant gaps in general imaging referral guidelines among clinicians, translating to heightened risks in MRI environments. Conclusions: Direct transcription of high-income country MRI safety protocols to Cameroon is impractical. A staged, risk-based implementation strategy, integration of safety training into local medical physics curricula, and the adoption of ultra-low-field portable MRI systems offer viable pathways to improve diagnostic equity without compromising patient safety.
Structural Adjustment and the Resilience of Indigenous Economic Instit...
3

Uche Andrew Opara PhD*1, Paul Chimankpa Onyejela PhD2, Queen Chinyere Nwokorie3
1*-2-3Department of History and Diplomatic Studies, Alvan Ikoku Federal University of Education, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
1-12
http://doi.org/10.67564/IRASSJAHSS.v3.i10.0269

This study examines the resilience of indigenous economic institutions in Nigeria under structural adjustment and subsequent economic transformations between 1986 and 2025. It investigates how indigenous savings associations, cooperative societies, age-grade systems, kinship networks, and community-based credit arrangements adapted to economic liberalisation, financial instability, unemployment, and changing patterns of entrepreneurship. The study situates these institutions within Nigeria’s broader economic history, particularly the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in 1986 and subsequent market-oriented reforms. It adopts the historical research method, relying on documentary and secondary sources, including government publications, policy documents, official economic reports, scholarly books, and peer-reviewed journal articles. These sources are critically examined to establish patterns of institutional continuity, adaptation, and transformation throughout the period. The study investigates how indigenous economic institutions facilitated informal credit, mobilised community resources, supported small-scale enterprises, and helped households respond to economic pressures. It argues that their persistence reflects not merely resistance to economic change but also their capacity to adapt to evolving socioeconomic conditions and complement formal financial institutions. Nevertheless, limited capital, regulatory constraints, accountability challenges, and technological changes have affected their effectiveness. The study recommends policies that recognise indigenous economic institutions, strengthen their organisational capacity, and encourage appropriate collaboration with formal financial systems. It contributes to Nigerian economic history by highlighting the significance of indigenous institutions in understanding economic resilience and development.
Making Kenya’s Dairy Farming Inclusive and Profitable: Socioeconomic E...
133

Ekiru Francis Anno*
School of Doctoral Studies, Unicaf University, Lilongwe, Malawi
28-36
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23235402

Inclusive and profitable dairy development requires more than participation in production, training, technology adoption, or producer organisations. It also requires equitable access to productive assets, control over income, participation in decision-making, access to markets and services, employment, leadership, and resilience. This narrative review synthesises evidence published between 2018 and 2026 on the socioeconomic inclusion and empowerment of women, youth, persons with disabilities, and dairy investors in Kenya. The review draws primarily on Kenya-specific dairy research and complements it with relevant evidence from broader agricultural, youth agripreneurship, disability, climate, digitalisation, policy, and investment literature. The evidence shows that women make substantial contributions to dairy production but may have less control over livestock, milk income, productive assets, and commercial decisions. Dairy intensification and climate-related pressures can also increase labour and time demands, particularly where unpaid care and farm work remain gendered. Youth participation is constrained by limited access to land, finance, skills, mentorship, technology, productive assets, and reliable markets, although opportunities exist in dairy farming and in commercially oriented enterprises such as fodder production, mechanisation, animal-health services, milk collection, digital services, and value addition. Producer organisations can improve access to resources and strengthen women's empowerment, but membership and governance arrangements may create exclusion. Disability inclusion remains substantially under-researched in Kenya's dairy sector, with limited evidence on accessibility, reasonable accommodation, enterprise participation, and economic outcomes. The review also finds that dairy investment is expanding across production, processing, aggregation, cold-chain infrastructure, feeds, genetics, services, and value addition, but investors face challenges related to production costs, milk quality and consistency, aggregation, cold-chain infrastructure, finance, compliance, and market risk. Overall, the review argues for a shift from participation-based measures to outcome-oriented indicators of asset ownership and control, income control, decision-making, labour, market participation, leadership, employment, profitability, and resilience. Given the heterogeneous evidence base and inclusion of contextual studies beyond Kenya and dairy, the findings should be interpreted as a narrative synthesis rather than as estimates of prevalence or causal effects.
A Comparative Study of Corporate Governance and Firm Performance in St...
2

Ismail Banja Kandeh*1, Dr. Abubakar Kargbo2, Dr. Morrison Kenie Lahai3, Professor Richard Wadsworth4
1*-3Institute of Geography and Development Studies, School of Environmental Sciences, Njala University, Sierra Leone, 2Institute of Social Studies, Administration and Management, School of Social Sciences and Law, Njala University, Sierra Leone, 4Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, Njala University, Sierra Leone
13-27
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23208837

Historically, state-owned commercial banks (SOCBs) in Sierra Leone have shown relatively high performance than State-Owned Utility Companies (SOUCs) in the country. While several issues may have contributed to such low performance by SOUCs, this study aims to explore whether and how (if any) compliance with corporate governance practices (based on CACG Code) varies between the high-performing SOCBs and low-performing SOUCs, and whether this variation of compliance causes performance differences. A cross-sectional research design with quantitative approach was adopted. A survey was conducted in two SOCBs and two SOUCs in 2025. Apart from questions on respondent and organizational backgrounds, a self-completion questionnaire comprising 66 questions (governance – 39 & performance -27) was successfully completed and returned by 144 participants. Further, a checklist of 19 items was constructed based on the Acts of Parliament and scored against the CACG Code provisions by the researcher. Using SPSS and Excel Programs, data was analyzed using descriptive (percentages, and mean percentages) and inferential (Pearson’s correlation, and simple linear regression) statistics. The Overall Compliance Index of SOCBs is 68% while SOUCs has an index of 45%. The correlation coefficients (r = 0.996 and r = 0.998) indicate a very strong positive linear relationship between governance and performance. Also, the regression results (adjusted r2 = 0.988, df = 3; p < 0.01) indicate a strong association between corporate governance and firm performance. The study shows that SOUCs’ rate of corporate governance compliance is weaker than SOCBs in most criteria set by the CACG Code, which might have caused low financial performance by SOUCs (40%) and high financial performance by SOCBs (64%). The findings of the study have practical and policy related implications to improve the performance of SOUCs in Sierra Leone.
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