International Research and Academic scholar society

Mission and Vision
Our Mission
At IRASS Publisher, our mission is to empower authors and researchers by providing a platform for their unique perspectives. We believe in fostering creativity and promoting voices that reflect the richness of human experience.
Our Vision
We envision a world where diverse stories and groundbreaking research thrive, enriching the literary and academic landscape. We aim to be a leading publisher recognized for our commitment to quality, innovation, and inclusivity.
Open Access Policy
IRASS Publisher commits to providing open access to all its published content. Our policy ensures that research articles are freely accessible to the public without subscription fees. Authors retain copyright while allowing unrestricted distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. By removing access barriers, IRASS aims to foster a more inclusive and collaborative scientific community.
Indexing
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Latest Article
Diagnostic Reference Levels in Mammography: Dosimetric Principles, Rev...
0

TAYO NGUETSA Marcellin Girez*, YENE ZANG Bernard Severin, EMVOUTOU M. Jeanne Valerie
Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Green Hope University of Somalia, Centre Médical La Cathédrale, Cameroon., Institut de Recherche Médical et d’étude des Plantes Médicinales
1-9
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23094592

Breast cancer now tops incidence rankings in much of sub-Saharan Africa, yet most countries lack nationally endorsed diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for mammography. This narrative review synthesizes the dosimetric foundations of mammography dose metrics, maps international DRL values published since 2018, and examines why Cameroon, despite a rising cancer burden and IAEA-supported regulatory reform, has not translated optimization principles into practice. Three questions guided the work: what quantities and conversion formalisms underpin mammography DRLs; how comparable are current international values given methodological heterogeneity; and what structural, technical, and human-resource barriers obstruct implementation in Cameroon, along with a phased roadmap that is feasible rather than aspirational. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature from the IAEA, ICRP, and the Cameroonian Ministry of Public Health yielded 58 primary sources. The evidence shows wide variation in reported DRLs, driven by phantomversus patient-based protocols, thickness stratification choices, and the transition from 2D digital mammography to digital breast tomosynthesis, while Cameroon faces an almost complete absence of calibrated dosimetry equipment, clinically qualified medical physicists, and a national dose registry. A pragmatic six-phase pathway is proposed, beginning with an equipment census and phantom-based pilot at four to six centers, progressing through provisional local DRLs to regulatory adoption and regional harmonization via the AFRA network. The review concludes that sustainable DRL implementation in resource-limited settings demands phased investment in metrology infrastructure and workforce development before national values can be meaningfully set.
Challenges Hindering Teachers’ Effective Implementation of the Compete...
2

Joseph Samwel*1, Edgar Nderego2, Jesse Lukindo3
1*Meatu District Council, Simiyu Region, 2-3The Open University of Tanzania, Faculty of Education, Department of Curriculum and Instruction
20-26
http://doi.org/10.67564/IRASSJAHSS.v3.i9.0268

This study examined the challenges hindering teachers’ effective implementation of the Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) in public secondary schools in Meatu District, Simiyu Region, Tanzania. Guided by the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Model, the study adopted a qualitative case study design as part of a broader mixed-methods study. The study purposively selected ten public secondary schools, involving 20 participants: 10 Heads of Schools and 10 Academic Masters/Mistresses. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically through transcription, coding, categorisation, and theme development. The findings revealed four major challenges: inadequate time for lesson preparation and planning, difficulties in conducting continuous assessment and providing timely feedback, limited use of learner-centred teaching methods, and teacher fatigue, stress, and emotional exhaustion. These challenges were associated with heavy teaching loads, large class sizes, extensive assessment and marking responsibilities, administrative and co-curricular duties, and insufficient staffing and instructional support. The findings further indicated that teachers generally recognised the importance of CBC but faced contextual constraints that limited their ability to consistently apply learner-centred and competency-based practices. The study concludes that effective CBC implementation requires supportive working conditions that balance teachers’ job demands with adequate resources. It recommends improving teacher staffing, equitable workload distribution, adequate preparation time, professional development, efficient assessment practices, and school-level monitoring of teachers’ workload and wellbeing.
Mapping of utero-tubal anomalies by hysterosalpingography at the Centr...
109

TAYO NGUETSA Marcellin Girez*1, NGOKA T. Franck2, MBALLA A. Jean Claude3, ABANG Elizabeth BI MAONDO4
1*Department Of Radiology and Medical Imaging Green Hope University, 2Centre Médical La Cathédrale, 3Faculty of Sciences-University of Ebolowa, 4University of Douala
5-11
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22950246

Objectives: An overview of hysterosalpingography practice and the mapping of utero-tubal anomalies at the Centre Médical La Cathédrale. Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional observational study using a mixed (prospective and retrospective) data collection method. Data collection extended from January 2023 to September 2026. Prospective data were collected using a questionnaire, while retrospective data were extracted from clinical records and radiological reports archived in the RIS/PACS system of the Centre Médical La Cathédrale. A total of 200 hysterosalpingographies (HSG) performed during this period were included, representing 1.32% of all X-ray examinations conducted. The variables studied included patient age, clinical indications, the technical protocol for performing the HSG, and the radiographic abnormalities detected. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed using Epi Info software. Results: The mean age of the patients was 33.8 years. The primary indication was tubal patency assessment (65.0%), followed by primary infertility (21.5%) and secondary infertility (8.0%). Other indications included metrorrhagia (2.0%), recurrent miscarriages (1.0%), as well as pelvic pain, menorrhagia, suspected synechiae, hydrosalpinx monitoring, and post-operative follow-up, each accounting for 0.5%. Obstetrician-gynecologists were the main referring physicians for the examination. The contrast medium used was a water-soluble iodinated compound, administered at an average volume of 20 ml. The adverse event rate was 11.5%, consisting exclusively of pelvic pain. Psychological support was optimal, and prophylactic antispasmodic administration was systematic (100.0%) prior to the examination. Overall, 67.5% of the HSGs showed at least one lesion. Of the 205 detected anomalies, tubal findings predominated (62.0%), while utero-pelvic abnormalities constituted 38.0% of the lesion workload. Conclusion: Hysterosalpingography is a specialized imaging examination primarily used for utero-tubal exploration at the Centre Médical La Cathédrale, revealing a lesion profile identical to data in the African literature. Pain remains the main adverse effect.
From Pastoral Production to Competitive Markets: Navigating Livestock...
249

Ekiru Francis Anno*
Selinus University of Sciences and Literature (SUSL), Ragusa, Italy
20-30
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22733267

Livestock trade is central to the economies and livelihoods of pastoral communities in Africa's drylands, yet its potential is constrained by climate variability, weak market infrastructure, limited market information, inadequate capital, insecurity, animal diseases, informal marketing arrangements, and unequal competitive conditions among traders. This study examined the challenges affecting livestock trade in Turkana County, Kenya, with particular attention to livestock production and market access, trader competitive rivalry, and the implications of market organization for pastoral livelihoods. A case-study approach was applied to three livestock markets in Lodwar, Lokichoggio, and Kainuk towns. Primary data were obtained from 168 livestock-market respondents, with 56 respondents selected from each market. The analysis employed descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Kruskal–Wallis tests, post-hoc comparisons, one-way analysis of variance, reliability analysis, and simple linear regression. Results indicate substantial constraints in livestock production and market access. The overall market-access scale had a mean score of 2.51 (SD = 0.61), with significant differences among Lodwar (M = 2.89), Kainuk (M = 2.54), and Lokichoggio (M = 2.09) markets. Competitive rivalry was also significant, with an overall mean of 3.12 (SD = 0.63); Lodwar recorded the highest mean (M = 3.62), compared with Lokichoggio (M = 2.79) and Kainuk (M = 2.94). Regression analysis showed that trader competitive rivalry significantly predicted livestock production and market access, β = 0.381, t = 5.536, p < .001, explaining 15.1% of the adjusted variation. The findings demonstrate that competition in dryland livestock markets is not inherently beneficial when it operates through unequal access to capital, information, market networks, and institutional influence. Sustainable livestock trade therefore requires a systems-oriented approach combining market infrastructure, animal health, climate resilience, transparent pricing, market information, trader finance, producer organization, inclusive governance, and strengthened cross-border trade arrangements. The study concludes that transforming dryland livestock trade from predominantly informal and subsistence-oriented transactions into transparent, market-oriented and resilient value chains is essential for improving pastoral incomes, food security and regional economic development.
Journals
Journal Cover
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Track Manuscript
Certificates
Image
Image