The Lake Victoria Basin in Tanzania faces rising threats from climate change which endanger both its natural systems and human communities. The review examines current literature on climate change vulnerability through a systematic assessment that focuses on local settings and socio-ecological systems and institutional reaction patterns. The flow Diagram for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was used. The study systematically reviewed studies up to July 2024 (N=28) published on the Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and JSTOR. The results show current state of literature on climate vulnerability, how literature frame vulnerability concept, variables involved and future perspectives. The existing research fails to maintain consistent theoretical frameworks while neglecting essential intersectional and place-specific aspects of vulnerability. The review identifies key climate change threats which combine declining water levels with erratic rainfall and increased food insecurity and vector-borne diseases and ecosystem degradation to create intensified human vulnerability. The review advocates for a vulnerability framework which integrates justice principles to understand local experiences while guiding policy development and adaptation planning. The Lake Victoria region needs future research to develop stronger methodologies and include marginalized perspectives for building resilience against growing climate stress.