International Research and Academic scholar society

IRASS Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies

Issue-2(February), Volume-2 2025

1. Emotional Algorithms: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Psycho...
22

Prof. Dr. Kursat Sahin Yildirimer, Assoc. Prof. Yesim Sirakaya*
Department of Psychology, St. Clements University/Türkiye-UK
1-7
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14788450

Emotional algorithms represent a dense area of interaction between artificial intelligence and psychology. The ability of artificial intelligence systems to perceive, interpret and generate human emotions has the potential to have profound effects on both individuals and societies (Picard, 1997). Today, emotional artificial intelligence ("affective computing") enables the development of systems that aim to detect people's mood and emotional reactions with the help of various biometric and psychological data (Cowie et al., 2001). In this article, the basic principles of emotional artificial intelligence and its connections with psychological models are examined. In addition, the effects of this technology on individuals' mental health, ethical dimensions and social benefits are discussed. Emotional algorithms have a wide range of applicability, from social relationships to the workplace. It is seen that these systems make human-machine interactions more empathetic and personalized, especially in critical areas such as education and health (Schroeder et al., 2018). However, the possible manipulation risks and privacy issues of these technologies, which are not developed within the framework of ethical rules, are important points to consider. In the future, emotional artificial intelligence can be made more reliable and useful through interdisciplinary collaboration.

2. Zero Carbon Emission must be achieved at the Earliest for Sustained Gr...
6

Bijay Kumar Sharma*
Retired Professor, National Institute of Technology Patna, 800005 Bihar India
8-16
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14871867

In 1750, man-kind moved from agriculture and artisanship era to Industrial era.Carbon dioxide was 280 ppm in the pristine atmosphere. Today man made activities have enhanced the concentration of Carbon Dioxide to 400ppm resulting in Global Warming and Climate Change.The devastating effects of Global Warming and Climate Change are: erratic weather patterns: heat waves, floods, severe storms and hurricanes,loss of polar ice and rising sea levels. Apart from Carbon Dioxide there are water vapour, methane, nitrous oxide and florinated gases. Seeing the formidable challenge to sustainable development strategy The Paris Agreement was signed in 2015 an International Treaty on Climate Change to which 196 Nations and Governments were signatory at COP21. Under Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change [IPCC] 90 countries are covered and 80% global emission are set on zero emission path.At COP26 Glasgow Climate Pact was signed in which India declared a 5 point agenda for achieving net zero emission by 2070. At COP28 Resource Hub, 28th Annual Climate Climate Change conference in Dubai, UAE, 2023 held. 150 countries participated. In 2023, Convention on Biological Diversity was held and High Sea Treaty was signed in June 2023. Frame work convention on Climate Change is keeping track of Climate Change Aid to developing countries . Pathways to zero emission and limiting Global Warming to 1.5 degree centigrade above preindustrial level have been laid down in Climate Change Conferences. Urban Heat Islands have to be dealt with tailored city specific action plans. Nitrous Oxide in Agriculture has to be dealt with by Organic Farming.Water produces 95% of Green House effect. The Water cycle has to be regulated. Indian agenda to help Paris Agreement to achieve its Sustainable Strategic Goals is described.

3. To investigate the strategies used by e-commerce companies to improve...
7

Ashraf Shahriar*
Department of Finance, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
17-32
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14871881

: The rapid adoption of e-commerce has revolutionized global markets, bringing unprecedented convenience to both consumers and businesses. However, this growth has also come with significant security issues, including data leaks, fraud, and fund theft, which threaten user trust. This study explores the strategies e-commerce companies in Bangladesh are using to improve the security of online transactions. The study focuses on the unique challenges facing this emerging market and aims to determine the effectiveness of existing security measures such as encryption, multi-factor authentication, secure payment gateways, and fraud detection systems. The study also explores the role of government regulations, customer perceptions, and industry collaboration in promoting a secure e-commerce environment. Through a mixedmethods approach, including questionnaires and interviews with e-commerce stakeholders, the study provides actionable insights to improve transaction security. The findings are expected to contribute to the development of a safer e-commerce ecosystem in Bangladesh, ensuring sustainable growth and consumer trust in the digital market.

4. The Role of Machine Learning in Enhancing Cybersecurity in Financial S...
12

Ashraf Shahriar*
Department of Finance, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
33-43
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14871906

The rapid digitalization of financial services in Bangladesh has increased the sector's vulnerability to cyber threats, making cybersecurity a critical concern. Traditional security measures are proving insufficient against evolving cyber risks, necessitating advanced technologies for effective threat detection and mitigation. Machine Learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool in enhancing cybersecurity by enabling real-time threat detection, anomaly detection, fraud prevention, and predictive risk assessment. This research explores the role of ML in enhancing cybersecurity in the financial services sector of Bangladesh. ML algorithms, such as supervised and unsupervised learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning, are used to analyze vast amounts of transactional data, detect suspicious patterns, and automate security protocols. The study examines how financial institutions in Bangladesh leverage MLdriven cybersecurity solutions, including fraud detection systems, intrusion detection systems (IDS), behavioral analytics, and biometric authentication. Additionally, it evaluates the challenges of implementing ML-based cybersecurity, such as data privacy concerns, model interpretability, and regulatory compliance. Given the rising cyber threats, including phishing, ransomware, and identity theft, this research highlights the need for strong AI-driven security frameworks and collaborative industry-government initiatives to safeguard financial institutions in Bangladesh. The study aims to provide insights into the effectiveness of ML-based cybersecurity solutions and recommend strategies for financial organizations to strengthen their cyber resilience in an increasingly digital financial landscape.

5. The social and administrative perspective of Al-Wardi’s proposals in a...
16

Dr. Adnan Mutter Nassir*, Assis. Prof. Jinan Shihab Ahmed
Professor of Sociology, College of Basic Education, Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
44-52
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14891906

Al-Wardi is an enlightenment pioneer and sociologist who contributed to establishing the first department of sociology at the College of Arts, University of Baghdad in 1952. He was known for adopting modern theories in analyzing the social and historical reality in Iraq, as he did in the book Preachers to the Sultans and the Personality of the Individual and other related works. He moved with a spontaneous intellectual tour between the appearance of events and their essence in a simple language that is understandable to the recipient, making his narration of historical and contemporary events something close to the mind and heart alike. AlWardi’s personality sparked many reactions in intellectual and cultural circles due to the boldness of his proposal and the sensitivity of the topics he presented in the field of sociology according to his famous theses and hypotheses about duality in personality, the conflict of civilization and nomadism, social discord, anthropology, the concept of reason and rational logic, and many others. In this research, we discussed his most prominent religious, social, and anthropological intellectual propositions that contributed to the emergence of sociology in Iraq at the beginning of the 1950s, relying on the descriptive and analytical method as a working method for investigating facts in this field.

6. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Community-Based Participatory Programm...
6

Tyodzer Patrick PILLAH, Ph.D* , Abigail GWIMI
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University Abuja
53-59

This study evaluates the effectiveness of community-based participatory programme planning in rural development, focusing on agricultural initiatives in Northern Nigeria. The research seeks to assess the extent of community involvement, examine the impact of participatory planning on the sustainability and success of agricultural projects, and identify challenges faced during implementation. A mixed-method approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, was employed to gather data from 250 community members and stakeholders involved in agricultural initiatives. The study utilized one-sample t-tests to analyze community involvement, program outcomes, and challenges encountered. Findings revealed significant community involvement, with participatory planning having a positive impact on the sustainability of agricultural initiatives. However, challenges such as limited resources, socio-economic barriers, and inadequate infrastructure were identified as constraints. The study recommends enhancing community engagement, improving resource allocation, addressing socio-economic barriers, and strengthening monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to ensure the long-term success of agricultural development in rural Northern Nigeria.

7. PENSION ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA: REFLECTING ON PAST SUCCESSES AND FA...
10

Tyodzer Patrick PILLAH, Ph.D*
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University Abuja
60-68

Enacted on June 25, 2004, the Pension Reform Act 2004 aimed to replace Nigeria’s criticized and ineffective Defined Benefit Pension Scheme. However, ten years later, the 2004 Act was repealed and replaced with the Pension Reform Act 2014, which primarily amended key sections of the original law. While pension administration has improved, particularly for retirees in the Federal public service, evidence suggests that the Contributory Pension Scheme under the 2014 Act still faces significant challenges reminiscent of the previous system. The research draws inferences from empirical studies, reports, and statutory data on Contributory Pension Scheme (CPS). Findings from reviewed literatures reveal significant improvements, including timely payment of benefits, increased coverage for public and private sector employees. However, challenges such as administrative inefficiencies, irregular remittances, fund mismanagement, and limited coverage for the informal sector persist, impeding the full realization of the pension scheme's objectives. The study also identifies the system’s critical role in social security and poverty alleviation among retirees but notes that delays in fund disbursement and inadequate benefits diminish its impact. Recommendations include strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing transparency, expanding pension coverage to the informal sector, and integrating digital systems to streamline administrative processes.

8. Evaluating the Historical and Contemporary Experiences of Development...
7

Ugochukwu Sunday, Tyodzer Patrick PILLAH, Ph.D*
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University Abuja
69-74

The planning of development involves procedures to ensure that national policies and strategies are achieved and that development issues at all levels are fully incorporated into the overall national development goals, which is a continual global concern. In Nigeria, there have been development planning initiatives and programs, but these efforts do not appear to yield tangible developmental outcomes based on all indicators. This research, which relied on valuable secondary data sources, thoroughly examined the challenges of development planning in Nigeria. It also argued that development planning in Nigeria has been hindered over the years by the failure of Nigerian leadership to envision true development and prioritize it. Furthermore, it contended that various factors such as misplaced priorities, poor adherence to plans, inadequate executive capacity and public sector inefficiency, technology transfer challenges, systemic corruption, and ineffective public-private partnerships have made a genuine development path somewhat elusive. The study concluded with valuable comments and recommendations, including the need for a genuine development plan, enhanced public sector efficiency and adherence, improved collaboration between the public and private sectors, and a change in attitude to create a conducive environment for the desired development in Nigeria

9. Analyzing the efficacy of Implementing Procedures in Urban Development...
4

Tyodzer Patrick PILLAH, Ph.D* , Oluwatosin Ajoke, OGUNSOLA
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University Abuja
75-81

Over the last thirty years, Abuja, the Federal Capital of Nigeria, has seen swift urbanization. The city has grown without a comprehensive plan, leading to extensive construction and a surge in informal settlements due to the increasing population. This has resulted in distinct spatial separation between low and high-income groups, leaving low-income individuals in inadequate informal settlements. Hence, this paper provides a thorough examination of the effects of policy implementation on urban development plans within the urban areas of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It assesses the concepts of urbanization, urban development, and the different policies enforced in the FCT and Nigeria as a whole over time. Research information was collected through various literature reviews, using secondary sources such as books, journals, online resources, and historical records to offer comprehensive and pertinent data for analyzing existing urban policies. The findings obtained from the various literature reviewed, discovered that the urbanization strategy for the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) covered all six area councils, but not all of the proposed plans were implemented as originally intended. In addition, the study found that stringent land use regulations have caused a shortage of affordable housing in the FCT, as developers prioritize high-end developments to maximize profits. Finally, the conclusion presents suggestions to tackle these challenges, emphasizing the necessity to address urban planning issues majorly by recommending thorough employment of the Abuja Master Plan to establish an efficient transportation system in the city, which is crucial for attaining Sustainable Development Goal 11(sustainable cities and communities) in the FCT.





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