International Research and Academic scholar society

IRASS Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies

Issue-6(June), Volume-3 2026

1. Housing Empowerment and Social Innovation as Catalysts for Urban Regen...
2

Ali Rezvani*
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering,Islamic Azad University, Ardestan Branch, Ardestan, Iran
1-7
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20507512

Urban regeneration of deteriorated fabrics remains one of the most pressing challenges in contemporary urban planning and architectural practice. This paper presents a systematic integrative review examining the nexus between housing empowerment strategies and social innovation frameworks in facilitating sustainable urban regeneration. Drawing upon 47 peer-reviewed articles published between 2009 and 2025, this study synthesizes evidence from diverse geographical contexts—including Europe, Africa, and the Middle East—to construct a comprehensive conceptual framework. The findings reveal that successful regeneration initiatives are contingent upon three interdependent pillars: (1) physical retrofitting of existing housing stock, (2) socially innovative governance mechanisms that foster resident participation, and (3) integrated policy instruments that bridge economic viability with social equity. The paper contributes to the theoretical discourse by proposing a multi-scalar empowerment model (MSEM) that operationalizes the transition from top-down renewal to participatory regeneration. Implications for policy, practice, and future research are discussed.

2. An Analysis of Competition, Competitiveness, and Determinants of Compe...
3

Ekiru Francis Anno*
Unicaf University (UUM), School of Doctoral Studies, Lilongwe, Malawi
8-21
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20566647

The review study was conducted in Kakuma, Lokichar and Kalemng’orok secondary livestock markets to assess the state of competition, competitiveness and determinants of rivalry in livestock trading. This study ran on the framework by Anno & Pjero (2021) study conducted in the same markets to assess the effects of traders’ competitive rivalry on livestock market access in pastoral areas. The study objectives were (i) assess livestock production and market access in the selected markets and their catchment areas, (ii) ascertain the levels of traders’ competition and rivalry in markets, (iii) determine livestock and products supply and demand relations in markets, and (iv) depict the integration of theory and best practices in livestock trading activities in Turkana. From a sampling frame of 180 active traders, 56 in each sub county were statistically sampled using a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 2% resulting in a total of 168 traders who participated in the study as primary respondents. In light of the importance of policy guidelines and administrative services, 24 individuals from government entities, both national and county, and 18 individuals from civil society organisations advocating for livestock production, marketing, peace and security, and community development were purposefully selected to participate in the study as secondary respondents. The primary research tool used was a semi-structured questionnaire, administered to study participants both individually and through focus group discussions (FGDs) and the data were analysed using different statistical, non-parametric and qualitative techniques. The study reveals that competitive rivalry negatively impacts supply and demand in livestock markets within pastoral areas, obstructing the shift to formal business models. Consequently, livestock prices, governance systems, and access to cross-border markets are adversely affected. Recommendations include empowering traders, youth, and women through business training and literacy programs to enhance their capabilities in market transactions. Improving capital access, infrastructure, and marketing organization will strengthen connections between production zones and markets. Enhancing market governance through ethical practices is crucial to mitigate rivalry. Future research should focus on supply-demand integration in livestock trade. Despite challenges, drylands offer potential for developing competitive livestock resources, benefiting rural economies and enhancing resilience in pastoral livelihoods.

3. PUBLIC SERVICE AND THE CHALLENGES OF RETIREMENT: A STUDY OF THE NIGERI...
5

FREGENE, Freeman Orits*, OKEREKA, Onofere Princewill Ph.D & MUKORO, Akpomuvire Ph.D
Department of Public Administration, Delta State University, Abraka
22-28
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20606750

This study examines public service and the challenges of retirement among Nigerian Air Force personnel in Bayelsa and Delta States. Retirement represents a critical stage in the career trajectory of public servants, yet many retirees face financial, social, and psychological challenges despite years of dedicated service. The study employed a qualitative research approach, adopting a descriptive research design and relying on secondary data obtained through documentary analysis. Data were analyzed descriptively to provide insights into the influence of administrative structures, public service policies, and pension scheme reforms on the welfare and socio-economic stability of retirees. Findings reveal that the hierarchical and bureaucratic nature of public service administration creates procedural bottlenecks and delays in pension processing, negatively impacting retirees’ financial security. Public service policies, including the Contributory Pension Scheme, have significant potential to enhance retirement welfare; however, inconsistent implementation, weak monitoring, and limited awareness reduce their effectiveness. Pension reforms have partially improved access to retirement benefits and financial predictability, but administrative inefficiencies, inadequate communication, and enforcement gaps continue to undermine socio-economic stability. The study concludes that the retirement welfare of Nigerian Air Force personnel is heavily shaped by structural, procedural, and policy-related factors. Recommendations include streamlining administrative processes, improving policy implementation and awareness, strengthening monitoring and compliance, and establishing post-retirement support programs to enhance financial security, social well-being, and smooth adjustment to civilian life. This research contributes to a better understanding of the multifaceted challenges facing military retirees and provides actionable insights for policymakers, administrators, and military institutions to improve retirement systems and welfare outcomes.

4. Factors Influencing the Functioning of Health Research Ethics Committe...
1

Saba’atu Elizabeth Danladi*1, Olugbenga Oguntunde2, Dr. Aminu Magashi Garba3
1*-2-3Public Health Department, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Nigeria
29-33
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21027118

The need for research to conform to recognized ethical standards while the dignity, rights, safety and welfare of vulnerable individual are protected necessitates the adequate functioning Health Research Ethics Committee (HREC). This study therefore investigated the factors influencing the work of HREC in Bauchi and Sokoto States, Nigeria. The study is a cross sectional survey of ethics committee members between 2014 to 2015. In dept interview were separately conducted for each of the six active HRECs members recruited from each state in this study. Prior to the conduct of the interview, informed consent and appointment for the face to face interview were earlier sought and granted by the respondents. Respondents admitted that there was no oversight function in the role of HREC to review and approve the research protocols. The ethical protocols take between two weeks to a month before approval. Although, members of committee showed record of good attendance but their performance was rated average while the quarterly scheduled meeting has not been consistent. More so, there has not been any rotation of the members of committee since the inception of the body. However, all the respondents agreed that they have been receiving quality training mostly sponsored by TSHIP. Despite non-financial gains respondents offered voluntary services. The challenges commonly encountered by the HREC committee includes non-availability of an office, office equipment and stationeries, challenges in the monitoring of research work and lack of budgetary allocation for the committee for refreshment during meetings. Operations of HREC committees in Bauchi and Sokoto States have enhanced the research activities in the states. However, inclusion of more academicians as reviewers and support of state governments is very essential for the improved performances of the committees.

5. International Financial Sanctions and Its Implications for tit Stabili...
8

Suad Jawad kadhim*
Economics Department College of Administration and Economics, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
34-42
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21121970

One of the most significant incidents that created considerable disagreement about the future of the international financial system is the investigation of the state of Russian assets blocked during 2022 after sanctions finance international order critical worldwide from stability on implications study to purposes research Tit International finance limitations use instruments in study of goals political and geopolitics. It concentrates mainly on legal economic analytical foundations Based on her western countries in freezing assets Russian examination antiquities resulting on this is fantastic procedures in level trust Internationalised in institutions Global Finance and Markets Cash Study what it means for status currency No reserve tit dollar and euro dollar American dollar President. As good it does Search impact this is wonderful progress in trends few countries about diversification Its depletion of foreign reserves and What is known in framework accreditation in Tit dollar It was implemented in directions elimination dollarization, with research bezel capability this is astonishing trends on events transformation substantial in structure order critical Global. Title approach research descriptive analytical curriculum file assets during monitor developments search condition from Russian frozen analytical data and Institutions finance reports Economic tit link and international organisations' tit connection. search to that freezing assets Russian appearance precedent tit antiquities strategy far away tit range, and contributed in strengthening concerns it have some countries about security assets sovereignty tit retainer in it in centers finance western, tit matter that to push number from it to reevaluation policies administration reserves foreign and with that, it indicates results to that continuation dominance dollar and currencies western what zeal supported factors economic and institutional and structure strong, which makes any transformation radical in order critical global practical gradual and complex not a result directly for sanctions finance alone.





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