International Research and Academic scholar society

IRASS Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies

Issue-2(February), Volume-3 2026

1. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Hygiene Practices am...
1

Aquel Rene Lopez*, Berkoh Prince, Agnes Agyapomaa, Osafo Marfo Shallon, Eunice Danso, Emmanuel Amponsah, George Owusu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Tetteh Quarshie Memorial Hospital, Mampong Akuapem
1-14
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18466465

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) remain a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and examine the association between demographic factors, hygiene practices, and infection rates among school-aged children in the Kumasi Metropolitan District, Ghana. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 400 participants aged 4-15 years, with stool samples analyzed using microscopic techniques to detect parasites. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect data on participants' demographic characteristics and hygiene practices. Results: The study found a low overall prevalence of intestinal parasites, with only 2.7% of participants testing positive. The majority of participants (66.2%) were female, and most lived in urban areas (75.1%). High levels of hygiene practices were reported, with 91.4% of participants washing their hands after using the toilet, and 99% washing before eating. Furthermore, most participants had access to improved sanitation facilities, including water closet toilets. Despite this, over half (50.2%) of participants could not recall their last deworming treatment. Statistical analysis revealed no significant association between the prevalence of intestinal parasites and demographic or hygiene-related variables, suggesting uniform exposure risk across the study population. The lack of significant findings may be attributed to the low infection rate, small sample size of infected individuals, and reliance on self-reported data. The study suggests that the low infection rate could be due to improved sanitation, access to safe drinking water, and effective hygiene practices in the community. Conclusion: In conclusion, while the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections remains low in this population, continued public health education, regular deworming, and improvements in sanitation infrastructure are essential to sustain and further reduce infection rates. Future studies should focus on monitoring seasonal trends, exploring behavioral factors, and implementing more sensitive diagnostic methods to ensure more accurate assessments of parasitic infections.

2. Prevalence and Awareness of HIV and Hepatitis B Infections among Blood...
2

Aquel Rene Lopez*, EuniceGai, Simon Kwaku Attah
School of Allied Health Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Baldwin University College, Accra
15-24
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18466245

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) are significant public health concerns globally, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the burden of these infections is disproportionately high. Blood donors play a critical role in ensuring a safe blood supply, yet there is limited data on the prevalence of these infections among blood donors in Ghana. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HIV and Hepatitis B among blood donors at the Greater Accra Regional Hospital and to evaluate their awareness of these infections. Methodology: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at the Greater Accra Regional Hospital. A total of 100 voluntary and replacement blood donors were selected using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, which assessed participants' socio-demographic characteristics and their awareness of HIV and Hepatitis B. Blood samples were tested for HIV and Hepatitis B using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used to summarize the data. Results: The prevalence of HIV among the blood donors was 2%, with 98% testing negative. The prevalence of Hepatitis B was 1%, with 99% of donors testing negative. Awareness levels for HIV and Hepatitis B were high, with 98% of donors aware of HIV and 99% aware of Hepatitis B. However, there were gaps in knowledge, particularly regarding Hepatitis B prevention and the risks of co-infection with HIV. Conclusion: The study found a low prevalence of HIV and Hepatitis B among blood donors at the Greater Accra Regional Hospital, indicating a relatively safe blood supply. However, gaps in knowledge about Hepatitis B and co-infection risks highlight the need for continued public health education. Strengthening screening protocols and addressing knowledge gaps regarding prevention, particularly Hepatitis B vaccination, are essential to ensure the safety of the blood supply in Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa.

3. Politics & Protest: Writing in Times of Crisis
4

Dr. Heavens Ugochukwu Obasi*, Anyaso Anyaso Onyekachi
Department of Mass Communication, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria
25-31
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18632693

This research explores the multifaceted narratives of resistance articulated by marginalized communities during times of crisis, focusing on how these narratives are shaped by historical and social contexts. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study delves into the diverse forms of expression used by these communities, revealing how their unique cultural backgrounds inform their protest narratives. Through in-depth interviews and content analysis of grassroots activism, the research uncovers the central themes and messages these communities prioritize in their struggles against oppression. One significant finding is that the effectiveness of resistance narratives is increasingly threatened by the proliferation of digital disinformation. This modern challenge complicates the dissemination of authentic voices and messages, undermining the legitimacy of protest movements. The study highlights the various strategies employed by activists to counteract disinformation, including fact-checking initiatives, promoting transparency in communication, educational outreach, and the creation of compelling counternarratives aimed at reclaiming agency over their stories. Moreover, the research emphasizes the role of digital platforms in shaping how marginalized groups convey their experiences and mobilize support. It illustrates the tension between the rapid spread of information and the necessity for critical engagement with content, particularly in high-stakes political environments. Ultimately, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in political protest narratives during crises, offering insights into the resilience and resourcefulness of marginalized communities in navigating contemporary challenges. By shedding light on their struggles and strategies, the findings aim to inform further discourse on activism, representation, and the impacts of misinformation on social movements.

4. Psychological Factors Influencing Upper Primary Pupils’ Acceptance of...
1

DR FRANCISCA IFEOMA EHIEMERE*, JUSTINA NKECHI ORIENWEZE, DR ODOCHA CAROL, A.C, IJOMA CHARITY. O
Department of Teacher Education National Institute For Nigerian Languages, Aba
32-41
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18632762

This study examined psychological factors influencing upper primary pupils’ acceptance of the competency-based curriculum (CBC) in public primary schools in Aba South Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. The implementation of the CBC has marked a significant shift from content-driven to learner-centered education, emphasizing skill acquisition, critical thinking, and practical application. However, the success of this curriculum reform largely depends on pupils’ psychological readiness and positive engagement with the new teaching-learning processes. Grounded in Social Cognitive Theory, the study investigated key psychological factors including self-efficacy, learner motivation, and attitude toward learning that may affect pupils’ acceptance and adaptation to the CBC. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and a stratified random sampling technique was used to select 300 upper primary pupils (Primary 4 to 6) from six public primary schools in Aba South LGA. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire validated by experts in educational psychology and curriculum studies, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that self-efficacy, learner motivation, and positive attitudes significantly influence pupils’ acceptance of the competency-based curriculum. Specifically, pupils with higher self-efficacy and motivation demonstrated greater engagement, understanding, and acceptance of CBC instructional approaches. The study concluded that psychological readiness plays a critical role in the effective implementation of the competency-based curriculum at the primary school level. It recommended that educational stakeholders including curriculum planners, school administrators, and teachers provide supportive learning environments that enhance pupils’ confidence, foster intrinsic motivation, and cultivate positive attitudes toward the curriculum. Additionally, regular psychological support and orientation programs should be instituted to facilitate smoother adaptation to curriculum innovations. The findings contribute valuable empirical evidence to the literature on curriculum implementation and learner psychology, particularly within the Nigerian educational context.

5. ASSESSING DRIVERS OF RESOURCE-USE CONFLICT IN MAKAO WILDLIFE MANAGEMEN...
2

Emmanuel B. Lwankomezi*
Geography Department, St. Augustine University of Tanzania, Box 307, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
42-53
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18633196

Protected areas (PAs) have become a significant point of conflict regarding resource use because they exist in economically underdeveloped areas harboring significant biodiversity. The research evaluated how restricted access to agricultural land, grazing areas, human encounters with wildlife and household characteristics influenced conflict occurrences. The study was conducted in Makao Wildlife Management Area in four villages, Makao, Jinamo, Mwabagimu, and Sapa, employing multinomial logistic regression methods to determine the most effective conflict predictors. Data was collected using a questionnaire from 363 respondents. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to supplement data. Results demonstrate that respondents who faced restrictions on grazing and cultivation activities experience higher levels of conflict (p < 0.05), supporting Hypothesis 1. Human-wildlife conflicts resulting from crop raiding, livestock attack and human injury influenced conflict (p < 0.01), validating Hypothesis 2. Household size and WMA proximity, along with other sociodemographic factors, were significant (p < 0.05), partially supporting Hypothesis 3. The study suggests strengthening community participation in WMA decision-making, benefit-sharing and developing compensation or insurance mechanisms for wildlife damage as long-term sustainability of WMAs.

6. Party Politics, Hate Speech, and the Media: Perspective of Nigeria
5

Dr. Heavens Ugochukwu Obasi*, Dr. Chijioke John Ikpeama
Department of Mass Communication, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria
54-57
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18684190

This research investigates the multifaceted relationship between party politics, hate speech, and the media within Nigeria's democratic framework, particularly from 2016-2023. It examines how the country's diverse ethnic and religious landscape, coupled with a competitive party system, creates an environment where hate speech can thrive, especially during election periods. The study analyzes the media's dual role as both a potential amplifier and mitigator of hate speech, considering the impact of traditional and social media platforms. It explores how partisanship and the lack of bipartisanship contribute to the problem, while political campaigns often utilize inflammatory language to mobilize voters. Ultimately, this research highlights the urgent need for strategies that promote tolerance, responsible media practices, and the safeguarding of democratic values to counter the detrimental effects of hate speech on Nigerian society. In conclusion, this research underscores the critical interplay between party politics, hate speech, and the media in Nigeria's democratic context, particularly during 2016-2023. Recommendations include stricter enforcement of anti-hate speech laws balanced with freedom of expression, ethical guidelines for media organizations, media literacy programs, political party commitment to civil discourse, and fostering bipartisanship.

7. Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal Concentration of Selected Personal Care P...
4

Nweje-Anyalowu Paul Chukwuemeka*, Enyinnaya Blessing Oluchi, Ekeke Dora Chinezurum, Idakwoji Precious Adejoh, Ikoro Benjamin Godlight
Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Clifford University, Owerrinta, Abia State, Nigeria
58-64
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18740704

Background: This study assessed the heavy metal content of selected personal care products (PCPs) used by students of Clifford University, Owerrinta (Ihie Campus), Abia State, Nigeria. The presence of contaminants, particularly heavy metals, in cosmetics is a major concern due to potential health risks. Methods: A total of 24 cosmetic samples, including foundations, face powders, lip glosses, and body creams, were collected from six female hostel rooms. Samples were analyzed for lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Results: Lead concentrations in face powders and lip glosses frequently exceeded Maximum Permissible Limits (MPLs) of 10.00 mg/kg, reaching as high as 20.00 ± 1.01 mg/kg. Mercury in foundations reached 5.73 ± 0.16 mg/kg, far exceeding the 1.00 mg/kg MPL. Cadmium was also above limits in foundation samples. Arsenic and chromium levels generally remained within safe limits. Conclusion: Findings indicate potential health risks due to high levels of toxic metals, particularly lead and mercury. The results highlight a need for stricter regulatory controls and continuous monitoring to safeguard consumer health.

8. LEVEL OF CORRESPONDENCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CONTENT WITH THE SPE...
2

Destiny Onyebuchi Ekoyo*, Okechukwu Sunday Abonyi
Department of Science Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
65-70
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18796742

The study investigated the level of correspondence of information technology content with the specifications of upper basic science and technology core curriculum in Ebonyi state. One research question and a null hypothesis guided the study. The study employed programme evaluation research design. The population of the study include all the four hundred and eleven (411) public and private upper basic education schools and all the two thousand, four hundred and sixty-six (2466) information technology teachers in Ebonyi State. The sample for the study comprised of forty-two upper basic education schools and two hundred and forty-six information technology teachers in Ebonyi State. The schools were drawn from a total of four hundred and eleven public and private upper basic schools in Ebonyi State. The instrument that was used in collecting data for this study was Information Technology curriculum implementation evaluation checklist (ITCIEC) developed by the researchers from the information technology core curriculum contents. The research question was answered using frequencies, ratio and percentage. Hypothesis was tested using chi-square. The findings revealed that most IT content aligned with the core curriculum; four areas showed non-correspondence (Historical Development of Computers Upper Basic I, Basic Programmes and Internet Environment Upper Basic II, Computer Viruses Upper Basic III). In Upper Basic I, four of five topics were taught; Upper Basic II had only two of three per topic; Upper Basic III taught four of six. Chi-square 2.27 < 14.61; thus, no significant dependence on school ownership. From the findings recommendation and conclusions were made.

9. Effect of Zingiber officinale Ethanol Extract on Neurohormone Concentr...
4

Cyril Onyekachi Edoga*, Nweke, Collins Somtochukwu, & Okoh, Emmanuel Chidera
Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu Nigeria
71-76
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18797125

This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale on neurohormone concentrations in male Wistar albino rats subjected to albumin-induced inflammation. Inflammation was induced to evaluate the alterations in key neurohormones, dopamine, oxytocin, corticotropin, and norepinephrine, and assess the modulatory role of Z. officinale. Rats were grouped into blank control, negative control (inflammation without treatment), standard control (treated with ibuprofen), and two experimental groups treated with low and high doses of Z. officinale extract. The results revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in dopamine, oxytocin, corticotropin, and norepinephrine levels in the negative control group (339±0.001, 5.60±0.001, 5.16±0.031, and 11.12±0.004, respectively) compared to the blank control, indicating the suppressive effect of inflammation on neurohormonal activity. However, treatment with Z. officinale, particularly at high doses, significantly restored these neurohormones toward normal levels, showing values statistically comparable to the standard control group (p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that Zingiber officinale ethanol extract possesses neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties capable of reversing inflammationinduced neurohormonal disruptions. The study highlights Zingiber officinale’s potential as a natural therapeutic agent for managing neuroinflammatory conditions.

10. Effect of Zingiber Officinale Ethanol Extract on Serum Electrolytes of...
8

Cyril Onyekachi Edoga*, Okoh, Emmanuel Chidera, Nweke, Collins Somtochukwu
Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu Nigeria
77-82
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18797248

This study investigated the effect of Zingiber officinale ethanol extract on serum electrolyte concentrations in male Wistar albino rats exposed to inflammation. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: Group A (blank control), Group B (negative control with induced inflammation and no treatment), Group C (standard control treated with a conventional anti-inflammatory drug), Group D (low-dose Zingiber officinale extract), and Group E (highdose Zingiber officinale extract). Serum levels of sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), and calcium (Ca²⁺) were analyzed to assess the impact of treatments. The results revealed that inflammation significantly reduced serum electrolyte levels in the negative control group (B), with marked low sodium ion concentration (87 ± 0.008 mmol/L), low potassium ion concentration (2.2 ± 0.001 mmol/L), depleted level of chloride ion (57.40 ± 0.000 mmol/L), and low calcium ion concentration (2.2 ± 0.000 mg/dL) compared to the blank control group (A), all at p < 0.05. Administration of low-dose Zingiber officinale extract (Group D) showed no significant improvement in these electrolyte levels when compared to the negative control (p > 0.05). However, treatment with high-dose Zingiber officinale extract (Group E) significantly improved serum concentrations of Na⁺ (117 ± 0.003 mmol/L), K⁺ (5.6 ± 0.001 mmol/L), Cl⁻ (98.0 ± 0.004 mmol/L), and Ca²⁺ (4.4 ± 0.003 mg/dL), indicating a dose-dependent restorative effect. These findings inferred that high-dose Zingiber officinale ethanol extract may have restored electrolyte balance in inflammatory conditions, potentially serving as a natural therapeutic agent.





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